![]() These results indicate the recent invasion of Kentucky bluegrass in the northern Great Plains is not because of adaptation or propagule pressure, but rather likely an environmental or land use shift.Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a highly accurate HLA DNA typing method and kit in which ambiguity derived from phase ambiguity is excluded.SOLUTION: A DNA typing method of HLA is characterized by comprising (1) preparing a primer set which each specifically anneals to the upstream region and downstream region of each gene of HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, HLA-DPA1, and HLA-DPB1 in a human genome nucleic acid sequence as well as a primer set which specifically anneals to exon 2 and 3' side noncoding region of HLA-DRB1 (2) performing PCR amplification of a specimen (DNA) using the primer set (3) determining the nucleic acid sequence of a PCR amplified product and (4) performing homology search with a database optionally.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 6Ībstract: To provide methods for precisely typing in which the error of HLA typing of PCR method and the defect of sequence capturing method are conquered, a particular probe set specialized in an HLA region is designed, many samples are simultaneously treated using the set, the genes in an HLA region are captured comprehensively, probes for HLA pseudogene are comprised in the probe set, and each HLA gene is captured efficiently and specifically.SOLUTION: The present invention provides a probe set for HLA gene typing comprising pseudogenes, which consists of an oligonucleotide having a particular base sequence, and a method for typing HLA genes comprising pseudogenes, using the probe set. Furthermore, DNA content tests indicated a narrow range in ploidy in wild populations compared with lawn cultivars, further supporting a hypothesis of divergence between wild and pedigree cultivars. When we compared the wild individuals to pedigree cultivars, we found virtually no genetic overlap across all tests, which did not support our hypothesis of developed cultivars contributing to high genetic diversity in natural populations. Using clonal assignment, we found two major clones that made up the majority of the tested wild populations. Mantel tests of geographical patterns were not significant. Across all tested wild populations, high levels of genetic diversity were detected along with moderate levels of structure. We tested for evidence of geographical differentiation using flow cytometry and microsatellite markers to ascertain the population genetics of Kentucky bluegrass. We sought to answer how naturalized Kentucky bluegrass in the northern Great Plains has become successful in the last 20 yr despite its long history in the northern Great Plains. The study of colonizing and of dominant grass species is essential for prairie conservation efforts.
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